China

Nigerian police officer emerges best graduating student in Chinese university

By Hadiza Abdulkadir

In a moment of pride for the Nigeria Police Force and the nation at large, Inspector-General of Police (IGP) Olukayode Egbetokun on Tuesday received Sergeant Peter Theophilus Tanko at the Force Headquarters, Abuja, in recognition of his outstanding academic achievement in China.

Sergeant Tanko, who is attached to the INTERPOL Section of the Force Criminal Investigations Department (FCID), recently completed a five-year law degree in the People’s Republic of China, emerging as the best graduating student at Jiangsu Police Institute. His journey began with a year-long Chinese language course at Nanjing Normal University.

As a result of his academic excellence, Tanko was selected to deliver the valedictory speech for all international students at the convocation ceremony held in June 2023.

The IGP commended Tanko’s dedication and discipline, describing his success as a testament to the potential within the Force. He reiterated his administration’s commitment to supporting officers in the pursuit of education and professional development.

Egbetokun also urged police personnel across the country to emulate Sergeant Tanko’s example by embracing self-development, adding that intellectual growth is key to the Force’s overall success.

China launches AI curriculum in schools aiming for global leadership in technology

By Anas Abbas

In a strategic move to bolster its position in the artificial intelligence (AI) sector, China is set to launch dedicated AI courses in primary and secondary schools.

The initiative, announced by the Beijing Municipal Education Commission, will commence in the upcoming fall semester, starting September 1.

According to the announcement, schools in Beijing will offer a minimum of eight hours of AI instruction periodically.

These classes can be conducted as independent courses or integrated into existing subjects such as information technology and science.

The directive emphasizes the need for schools to develop comprehensive foundational courses that align with national curriculum standards while focusing on artificial intelligence education.

It encourages the exploration of localized AI curricula tailored for primary and secondary education. The document, outlines plans to create teaching guidelines and student learning materials that cater to the cognitive development of students at various educational stages.

It also highlights the importance of developing diverse and regularly updated resources to incorporate the latest advancements in technology and methodologies.

This educational initiative comes amid a growing rivalry between China and the United States in the AI domain, particularly following the release of DeepSeek’s new model, which competes directly with American counterparts.

Additionally, China’s government has committed to promoting the widespread application of large-scale AI models and advancing next-generation intelligent devices and manufacturing technologies.

Huai Jinpeng, China’s Minister of Education, has indicated that a comprehensive white paper on AI education is expected to be published by 2025.

Italy blocks DeepSeek over data privacy concerns

By Maryam Ahmad

The Italian government has blocked the Chinese AI app DeepSeek due to concerns about data privacy. Garante, the country’s data protection authority, stated that the app failed to provide sufficient details on how it collects and stores user data, raising security risks.

As a result, DeepSeek has been removed from app stores in Italy but remains available in other countries. This move highlights growing global concerns about AI applications and data protection.

With AI adoption increasing in Nigeria, this development raises questions about how such apps handle user data and the need for stronger regulations to protect personal information.

Chinese bank approves €245m loan for Kano-Kaduna railway project

By Uzair Adam 

The China Development Bank (CDB) has approved a €245 million ($254.76 million) loan to fund the Kano-Kaduna railway project in Nigeria.  

In a statement released on its official website on Tuesday, the bank confirmed that the financial package is intended to ensure the smooth continuation of the railway’s construction. 

The statement read, “China Development Bank has recently granted a loan of €245 million ($254.76 million) to the Kano-Kaduna railway project in Nigeria, providing financial support for the smooth progress of the project.”  

The 203-kilometre standard-gauge railway line will connect Kano, a major commercial hub in northern Nigeria, to the federal capital, Abuja. 

Once completed, the railway will enhance regional connectivity, offering residents a safer and more efficient mode of transportation.  

In addition to improving mobility, the project is expected to drive economic growth by promoting industrial development along its corridor. 

It will also generate significant employment opportunities during its construction and subsequent operations.  

The Kano-Kaduna railway is recognized as a key cooperation project under the Third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation. Construction is being executed by the China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation, with financing from the CDB.  

Previously, the project was slated for funding by the China Exim Bank, which later withdrew its financial commitment. The CDB subsequently stepped in as the new financier.  

The bank reaffirmed its commitment to collaborating closely with the Nigerian government to ensure timely disbursement of funds and effective management of subsequent project phases.  

“Going forward, [the CDB] will closely coordinate with Nigerian partners to ensure the smooth disbursement of subsequent loans and effective post-loan management,” the statement added.  

President Bola Tinubu had earlier assured Nigerians that the broader Ibadan-Abuja-Kaduna-Kano railway project would be completed satisfactorily. 

The Federal Government has allocated N44.4 billion this year to complete the Abuja-Kaduna Railway project, the Lagos-Ibadan railway, and other rail infrastructure initiatives.  

Meanwhile, the Foreign Minister of China, Wang Yi, is expected in Abuja on Wednesday for an official visit. 

During his stay, Yi, a member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China, will engage in discussions to further strengthen bilateral relations between Nigeria and China.

African debts and the myth of China’s debt-trap diplomacy

By Muhammed U. Hong

Nearly six decades ago, the practice of external borrowing for many developing countries could be linked to two major International Financial Institutions (IFIs): The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These institutions became the most significant source of finance for many third-world economies, particularly in Africa, where countries owe both institutions a large portion of their external debts. However, towards the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s, the IMF experienced a decline in lending activities in the region. 

The institution was becoming almost irrelevant as most countries were reluctant to borrow from it due to its policies and programs, notably the Structural Adjustment Program, which worsened economic and social conditions rather than improving them. As a result, the IMF’s reputation was severely damaged, and countries began to seek alternatives.

In the last two decades, China emerged as a major bilateral lender, gaining prominence for its infrastructure and economic development projects in African countries through three of its most prominent institutions: The China Exim Bank, China Development Bank, and China Agricultural Bank. This led to the rise of many other private sector entities that helped cater to the fiscal needs of developing countries.

Between 2013 – 2022, African countries’ total external public debt stock, as reported by the World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA), rose from US$109.63 billion in 2013 to US$223.74 billion in 2022. China disbursed loans over the same ten-year span, increasing from US$24.11 billion in 2013 to US$62.89 billion in 2022. As of March 2022, 34% of Africa’s total external debt was owed to multilateral creditors, such as the World Bank’s IDA and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), while 23% was linked to bilateral creditors, including China and Germany. Private creditors, like Bondholders from the United Kingdom, accounted for the remaining 43%.[1] Only a modest portion of Africa’s total external debt stock is owed to China.

External or foreign borrowing is not inherently negative for countries, including African ones. It is widely understood that virtually no country can sufficiently fund its budget by relying solely on its yearly revenue. Thus, governments resort to public debt to fulfil fiscal obligations, especially when running a deficit or intending to spend more than their revenue. In Africa, external borrowing has served as a necessary tool to fund critical domestic infrastructure projects that aim to generate developmental and social gains.

However, the criteria for borrowing—such as the type of debt, its purpose, repayment terms, currency of repayment, and borrowing conditions—play a crucial role. One key metric that lenders assess is the Public Debt-to-GDP ratio, which indicates what a country owes in relation to what it produces and thereby reflects its ability to repay the debt. The higher the Debt-to-GDP ratio, the greater the risk of default. The World Bank established that a threshold of 64% for emerging markets (such as African countries) and 77% for developed economies is where public debt may begin to impact economic growth negatively. [2]

Interestingly, some of the world’s leading economies, including Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom, have the highest public debt-to-GDP ratios—241%, 114%, and 79%, respectively—while African nations such as Cabo Verde, South Africa, and Nigeria have ratios of 117%, 47%, and 20%. [3] This demonstrates that African countries adhere more strictly to their public debt-to-GDP limits than their Western counterparts. Nonetheless, high public debt does not necessarily indicate weak economies, as some countries can rely on other sources of revenue to offset their liabilities.

So, why does Africa find China more attractive as a lender than IFIs? The World Bank and IMF initially offered loans with favourable terms to African countries in need but came with high interest rates and stringent conditions. African governments were often required to implement reforms designed by these institutions, and the loans were subject to strict environmental, social, and governance standards. Not all African countries were willing or able to comply with these requirements, which diminished their appetite for loans from IFIs and increased their interest in China’s concessional loans, which had fewer conditions. Their “no strings attached” model made Chinese loans more accessible and did not require adherence to governance or environmental standards while offering prospects for debt moratoriums.

For example, new data shows that China’s total lending to Zambia stands at $5.05 billion, equivalent to 30% of Zambia’s external debt. About 80% of China’s loans come from low-interest, concessional finance from China’s development banks, like the China Exim Bank, with the remaining $948 million held by commercial entities such as ICBC and Huawei.[4]  However, there are widespread reports of opacity in Chinese lending practices. African governments have been largely silent about whether loans are used for capital or recurrent expenditures, which makes it difficult for citizens to determine the health of their countries’ debt paths.

This lack of transparency raises concerns about inflated project costs, kickbacks, or the financing of white elephant projects ahead of crucial elections. The China-Africa Research Initiative (CARI), a Washington-based team of independent researchers, is one of the few reliable sources for data on Chinese loans, as it gathers information from loan contracts, interviews, and its global network.

Why do some believe Chinese loans are different from IFI loans and are designed to trap low-income countries into surrendering their natural resources? 

Public-private partnership (PPP) arrangements and the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model, in which Chinese firms manage projects without fully taking over, have been common in Chinese contracts. However, African countries have begun to default on their loan commitments, leading China to adopt the more controversial resource-backed lending model. This model has been used in Africa as a fundamental way to finance many economic and social infrastructure projects like railways, telecoms, mining, construction, power, etc. 

The principle behind the resource-backed lending or resource-financed infrastructure (RFI) model, as they call it, is to allow the borrower country to commit its future revenues derived from the sale of its natural resources to pay for loans provided by the Chinese creditors. Under the RFI model, Chinese lenders have financed an average of 71 projects per year in Africa, at an average value of US$ 180 million since 2010. Between 2000 and 2019, only 26 per cent of Chinese lending in Africa has been tied to the future revenue from natural resources, with Angola taking a sizeable portion of 18 per cent alone. The remaining 8 per cent is evident in loan commitments of US$ 500 million made to Nigeria for its Abuja light rail project in 2012 and 2011 to finance new phases of its airport projects and the Lekki Port’s Free Trade Zone. Others have been used for the US$ 475 million loan in 2011 for the Addis-Ababa light rail project, and in Egypt, for a US$ 1.2 billion loan for their light rail projects.[5] The primary risk of the RFI model is that commodity prices are volatile, which could undermine debt sustainability. 

According to CARI, in 2019, Chinese borrowings to African governments began classifying the countries that were perceived as ‘less risky’ due to concerns about debt sustainability. This is because most countries borrowing heavily from China have been identified to have histories of IMF bailouts, making new such borrowings from China unsustainable. CARI examined the situation in 17 African countries that are either in debt distress or at high risk of debt distress due to the high lending volume, which has forced China to address the issue of debt sustainability. 

Countries like Ethiopia, Mozambique, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Djibouti were all denied fresh loans in 2019. Others like Kenya, Cameroon and Zambia were given relatively small loans. Angola, the continent’s largest borrower of Chinese loans, with an average of US$ 4 billion per year between 2010 – 2018, experienced a decline to about US$106 million in 2019. This is despite securitising Angola’s future revenue from its oil exports. Nigeria, which surpasses as the continent’s largest crude oil exporter with a history of debt sustainability since 2000, had only been granted a loan commitment of around US$500 million. [6]

The issue of debt sustainability gained further attention during the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to widespread calls for debt relief. China responded by offering debt relief packages (debt cancellation) and an (undisclosed) deferment of interest payments due to the pandemic. In 2020, China joined the G20 to create the Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) framework to alleviate the economic suffering imposed by the Coronavirus pandemic on African countries. By the following year, China was reported to have suspended debt worth over US$1.3 billion for 23 countries, out of which 16 are African countries.[7] In a similar vein to tackling the Coronavirus pandemic, the IMF was also reported to have approved $500 million to cancel six months of debt payments for 25 countries, with 19 of them in Africa – which is almost one-third of what China had been able to offer to African governments.[8]

According to Jubilee Debt Campaign UK, now referred to as Debt Justice, a UK campaign organisation to end exploitation of debt by more affluent countries, China remains the largest suspender of debt with a whopping $5.7 billion in debt repayment). [9] The China Development Bank – which is a major lender to African countries – had also since 2021 provided US$1.168 billion in debt relief to these countries as a way of cushioning the impact of the pandemic.[10]

What makes China engage in “debt-trap diplomacy” with its African borrowers? — An allegation that Chinese firms intentionally lend to financially irresponsible governments that will be unable to repay loans to take possession of assets.

Many unsubstantiated claims about the Chinese takeover of major state assets in developing countries exist. The most cited case for reference is the Hambantota port in Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan government secured 2007 finance from China’s Export-Import (EXIM) Bank to develop the port. In 2015, however, Sri Lanka had to arrange a bailout from the IMF even though the Chinese loans only accounted for some 10% of the debt. The government sought to raise cash by privatising state-owned assets, including a significant stake in Hambantota port. Then, a Chinese company got wind of it and successfully bided and bought 70% of the shares. The Sri Lankan government used the proceeds to pay for Chinese loans and other debt services. [11] However, no definitive evidence suggests a similar practice is prevalent in Africa.[12]

Ultimately, it is hard to think that Chinese loans to Africa are meant to inextricably trap them for their rich oil and other natural resources. Over the past decades, Africa’s growing need for infrastructure has led China to fill the void created by Western financial institutions, offering easier access to capital with fewer stipulations. 

Although the African continent has managed its debt well, there are still significant risks and challenges associated with Chinese loans, particularly in governance and transparency. It is also true that China’s approach to lending has evolved from being more lenient to becoming more cautious, especially in response to concerns about debt sustainability. This is why it tries to mitigate the risk of defaulting by primarily resorting to the resource-backed financing model, and this has only been linked to a meagre percentage of all its loan commitments to the continent– with the exception of Angola. While resource-backed lending seems pragmatic, it is not necessarily predatory or equate to an intent to exploit or trap countries, especially given China’s history of debt relief. China’s participation in debt relief efforts is consistent with its broader strategy of maintaining long-term relationships with African countries rather than exploiting them.

Africa must halt the practice of raising money at the Eurobond markets—where a range of investors trade bonds—because these bonds come at steep commercial rates and are subject to the dictates of the international financial markets. African countries must also be discouraged from seeking bailouts from financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank to offset existing loans, which excessively pile up debts that lead to unsustainable liabilities. 

African governments must ensure prudent financial management while refraining from depleting their foreign currency reserves to pay high interest on those loans. The utilisation of these loans for their intended purposes, whether in infrastructure, social or economic, is crucial for Africa to foster sustainable development, bolster its revenue growth, and improve the quality of life for its citizens. Loans that yield commensurate economic benefits.

Muhammed U. Kong wrote via muhammedu.hong@gmail.com.

Xiaomi overtakes Apple to claim 2nd spot in August global smartphone sales

By Sabiu Abdullahi  

Xiaomi has secured the second position in Counterpoint Research’s global monthly sell-through volumes for August, surpassing Apple, which dropped to third place.

Samsung maintained its lead in the market.  

According to Counterpoint Research, Xiaomi’s shipment figures remained steady in August, while Apple’s seasonal decline in shipments, ahead of the iPhone 16 series launch, contributed to its declining market share.  

A Counterpoint analyst noted, “Xiaomi has been growing rapidly in 2024 with 22% year-over-year growth in sales volume.”

The company’s success in the sub-$200 price range has been a significant factor, driven by the popularity of the Redmi 13 and Note 13 series devices in key markets such as India, Southeast Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa.  

These devices have been instrumental in Xiaomi’s growth, and this soldiers the Chinese company’s position as a major player in the global smartphone market.  

The August sales figures demonstrate Xiaomi’s increasing influence and Apple’s pre-launch slowdown, setting the stage for intense competition in the smartphone market.

Xiaomi is rumoured to launch button-less smartphone in 2025

By Sabiu Abdullahi 

Xiaomi is reportedly working on a revolutionary button-less smartphone, codenamed Zhuque, which is expected to launch in the first half of next year.

According to sources, the phone’s standout feature will be its total lack of buttons, but it’s unclear what will replace them – possibly a combination of gesture controls, pressure-sensitive edges, or voice commands. 

The Zhuque will also boast an under-display selfie camera, a feature that has been attempted by Samsung with mixed results.

The phone will be powered by the upcoming Snapdragon 8+ Gen 4 SoC, an improved version of the 8 Gen 4 due to launch this October. 

The Snapdragon 8+ Gen 4 will also be used in the Xiaomi 15S Pro, expected to launch between April and June 2025.

While the button-less design may be a bold move, it remains to be seen whether the Zhuque will be a success or a niche product, like the Meizu Zero. 

As one source noted, “Remember the Meizu Zero? Exactly.”

This suggests that the Zhuque may face similar challenges in gaining widespread adoption.

However, Xiaomi’s willingness to innovate and take risks may pay off in the competitive smartphone market.

Customs CG visits Huawei HQ, Shenzen Lantan Port to strengthen modernisation efforts 

By Sabiu Abdullahi

The Comptroller-General of Nigeria Customs, Adewale Adeniyi, led a team to the Headquarters of Huawei in Shenzhen, China, on Thursday, May 9, 2024, to explore opportunities for the Nigeria Customs Service Trade Modernization Project.

The visit was part of the CGC’s official trip to China for the 6th Global AEO Conference, held in Shenzhen from May 8-10, 2024. 

During the visit, CGC Adeniyi stated, “We are delighted to associate with the Global Leader Technology Services through the Team of Trade Modernization.”

This follows the Nigeria Customs Service’s expression of interest in deploying Huawei’s latest products for its trade modernisation project during the Huawei Connect 2023 in Shanghai last October. 

The CGC urged Huawei’s leadership to sustain their digitalisation services to the NCS and sought their support to collaborate with the Nigeria Customs Service on its transformative journey.

Xujing Xu, Huawei’s Vice President of Smart Transportation, welcomed the delegation and expressed confidence that their collaboration will benefit all parties involved, noting that “the foundational work for this transformation is already underway.” 

The TMP Chairman, Saleh Ahmadu, praised Huawei for living up to expectations in delivering its mandate under the Trade Modernization Project Limited.

He appreciated the support of the CGC and his management team towards the success of the NCS Trade Modernization Project. 

The CGC and the Trade Modernization Project team also visited Lantan Port to witness the level of automation and technological solutions provided by Huawei and other tech partners.

Also, Huawei organised a training program on Trends and Digital Solutions for Customs officials and the Trade Modernization Project team, focusing on equipping officials with the necessary skills to navigate the digital landscape of modern trade.

A separate training on Business Management, themed “The Journey of Huawei’s Continuous Growth”, aimed to enhance the capacity of officials to manage trade facilitation in Nigeria.

Nigeria Customs Service Signs MoU with China customs to boost economic growth

By Sabiu Abdullahi

The Nigeria Customs Service (NCS) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China (GACC) to enhance bilateral trade and economic growth. 

Comptroller-General of Customs (CGC) Adewale Adeniyi, who led a management team to Shenzhen, China, on May 8, 2024, noted the significance of the partnership, stating, “The relationship will create a cooperative mechanism for NCS and the GACC to collaborate on supply chain security standards and enhance the economic stability of both nations.” 

CGC Adeniyi expressed optimism that the MoU will boost import-export operations and benefit Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs) in Nigeria.

He also showed the exponential rise in e-commerce development, saying, “We know a lot of Nigerian companies and SMEs take advantage of the opportunities aided through e-commerce.” 

Representing Vice Minister Sun Yuning, Mr. Wang Lingjun of the General Administration of Customs signed the MoU on behalf of China and praised

CGC Adeniyi’s vision for the partnership, stating that it will create opportunities for Nigeria and China to collaborate on a wide range of economic issues and trade facilitation. 

The CGC appreciated the interest shown by China in signing the MoU and acknowledged the significant trade volume between the two nations, saying, “China is making the biggest trade in Nigeria, and the basic context of International Trade is ‘your export is our import’.” 

This development is expected to strengthen trade relations between Nigeria and China, promoting economic growth and cooperation between the two nations.

The Daily Reality editor joins Beijing Foreign Language University to teach Hausa

By Sabiu Abdullahi 

Dr. Muhammad Sulaiman Abdullahi, a lecturer in the Department of Nigerian Languages and Linguistics at Bayero University Kano, has arrived in Beijing with his family, his close associate, Dr. Muhsin Ibrahim, posted on his Facebook handle.

Dr. Abdullahi is set to contribute to the global academic landscape by teaching Hausa to Chinese students at Beijing Foreign Language University (BFSU). 

This collaboration marks a unique opportunity for cultural immersion and linguistic exchange between Nigeria and China. 

Dr. Abdullahi’s expertise in Nigerian languages, particularly Hausa, is expected to enrich the linguistic diversity at BFSU, one of China’s premier institutions for language studies. 

The initiative is part of BFSU’s ongoing efforts to broaden its language curriculum, offering students exposure to languages beyond the traditional offerings. 

Dr. Abdullahi’s presence is anticipated to foster a deeper understanding of Nigerian culture and language among Chinese students, promoting cross-cultural dialogue.

As the academic semester commences, Dr. Muhammad Sulaiman Abdullahi is poised to become a cultural ambassador, bridging the gap between Nigeria and China through the universal language of education.