By Usman Mujtaba Shehu

Out of Nigeria’s roughly 250 million people, more than 50 million are young people aged 16–35. This demographic fact is obvious, yet its implications remain insufficiently grasped—not only by policymakers, but by democracy itself.

Nigerian democracy now stands at a crossroads. On one side are the political actors who systematically extract from the system for private gain; on the other is the steadily eroding trust of citizens in the institutions meant to serve them. Free and fair elections have become as unreliable as the national power supply—intermittent at best, absent at worst. In one state a governor publicly praises INEC; in the neighbouring state the same institution is denounced after the next poll. The inconsistency is no longer surprising; it is structural.

It is against this backdrop that we approach the 2027 general elections. My particular concern with the youth is not abstract: I am one of them, and we constitute the single largest bloc of the population. Yet sheer numbers do not automatically translate into power. The Pareto principle still holds: although young people form the majority, only a committed minority among us will drive meaningful change on the issues that the most affect our generation.

Nigerian youth are entering another election cycle inside a political system deliberately structured to reward sycophancy over accountability. Beyond any single election, democracy itself remains under threat for as long as the integrity of the voters stays in doubt. How can a democracy endure—let alone thrive—when citizens lose the practical ability to decide who governs them?

How did we arrive here? The answer is as painful as it is multi-layered. Governance has been reduced to a competition to empty the public treasury. That treasury is funded by taxpayers and was meant to finance the infrastructure and services that improve ordinary lives. The predictable result is that more than half the country now lives in extreme poverty, including an entire generation of young people who feel they have nothing left to lose except their marginalisation and their poverty. A generation with almost no stake in the society they inhabit is a dangerous political reality.

Yet political apathy is not the answer. Young people must move from the sidelines onto the field—active participants rather than passive spectators. First, we must reaffirm our belief in democratic processes. This election cycle should command our attention and our planning. We must be prepared to rewrite the script; otherwise we cannot confront a political class that is corrupt, self-serving and skilled at manipulation. Until we confront what stands before us with conviction and sustained effort, electoral outcomes will continue to reflect the interests of the powerful rather than the choices of the people.

We should refuse to remain permanent victims of an imperfect democracy. Those among us who are educated and organised carry a particular responsibility to reach those who are not. A significant number of young Nigerians never attended school, dropped out early, or could not afford to continue. The out-of-school crisis is not confined to children; many young adults are also effectively unschooled. The roughly 20 percent of us with the resources, networks and education to act must treat this as a collective task. The issues are too urgent for half-measures, laziness or aloofness.

The task before us requires all hands on deck—including Musa in the North, who may sell sugarcane for a living, and Blessing in the South, who may be struggling to survive in an informal economy. Their economic circumstances should not make their political voices less important. If anything, those who bear the greatest burden of bad governance have the greatest stake in changing it.

Election Day should not simply be another day of political theatre. It should be a day when Nigerian youths exercise the power that democracy gives them: the power to choose who will govern them.

The 2027 election is a golden opportunity for young Nigerians to look beyond political class and elites and ask harder.  As Dr Usman Bugaje has put it, “2027 is a chance for the youths to take back their country”. We must come back to our senses and stop imitating the worst habits of the current political class and begin the harder work of replacing them. We must refuse to be manipulated.

The script can be changed—not through violence, thuggery or disorder, but through the quiet, decisive power of our votes. We have no reason to be afraid. With our numbers, they already know: we can.

Usman Mujtaba Shehu writes from Kano and can be reached via usmanmujtabashehu@gmail.com

By Sabiu Abdullahi

President Bola Tinubu has directed security and intelligence agencies to intensify efforts to rescue Muslim worshippers abducted in Niger State.

The directive followed the abduction of an unspecified number of worshippers in communities across Borgu Local Government Area shortly after Friday’s Juma’at prayer at the central mosque in Dekara.

Tinubu ordered the armed forces, Nigeria Police Force, Department of State Services (DSS) and other relevant agencies to coordinate efforts to locate and rescue the victims.

The president also instructed the service chiefs to keep him regularly informed about the operation until all the abducted worshippers are accounted for.

Tinubu condemned the attack and described the perpetrators as “enemies of peace and enemies of humanity”, while promising that those behind the incident would face justice.

“Those who carried out this cowardly attack on defenceless Nigerians are enemies of peace and enemies of humanity, who will not go scot-free,” he said.

The president expressed sympathy to the families of those killed in the attack and assured them of the federal government’s determination to secure the safe return of their relatives.

“You are not alone. The entire nation shares your anguish. We will not rest until your sons, daughters, mothers and fathers are brought back safely to you,” he said.

Tinubu further assured the people and government of Niger State of federal support, including additional security measures and other assistance to address the situation.

“The Federal Government stands firmly with the State Government and will provide all necessary support to aid recovery, relief, and security reinforcement,” he said.

He said the incident would not deter his administration from its efforts to tackle terrorism and other forms of criminality across the country.

“Terror will not cow Nigeria. We will defend our people, protect our communities, and uphold the sanctity of human life,” Tinubu said.

The president also sympathised with the people of Niger State and offered prayers for the families affected by the attack.

“My prayers are with the people of Niger State at this difficult time,” the president added.

By Sabiu Abdullahi

Dr. Muhsin Ibrahim, a Nigerian academic from Kano and lecturer at the University of Cologne, Germany, has urged Islamic clerics in Northern Nigeria to stop using religion to campaign for politicians with questionable records.

Ibrahim, who is also active on social media, made the call in a Facebook post on Tuesday while reflecting on the changing role of Islamic scholars in Northern Nigerian society.

He recalled the late Malam Jaafar Mahmud Adam as an example of a cleric who combined strong Islamic scholarship, powerful oratory and independence from political authorities.

Ibrahim specifically cited Sheikh Jaafar’s resignation from the Kano State Hisbah Board during the administration of former Governor Ibrahim Shekarau as an indication of his independence from state power.

According to him, Jaafar’s sermons commanded attention because he was willing to speak against those in authority regardless of who occupied political office.

“While, of course, times have changed and many people today lack that religious fervor, we apparently no longer have clerics like Malam Jaafar. His colleagues, including his contemporaries or students, are either in politics or lack that charisma,” he wrote.

The university lecturer said he was “deeply embarrassed” by the conduct of some religious scholars who use their platforms to support politicians despite corruption allegations and questionable records.

“I feel deeply embarrassed by the conduct of some so-called religious scholars. I am of the opinion that everyone has the right to join politics. But how so?” Ibrahim stated.

He urged clerics to separate religious guidance from political support for individuals whose conduct contradicts the values they preach.

“I kindly urge our clerics to stop using religion to campaign for corrupt politicians and others with very questionable records. It’s counterproductive to the religious injunctions you preach. Islam, or any other religion for that matter, doesn’t condone corruption and injustice,” he said.

Ibrahim also called on Islamic scholars to use their pulpits to demand greater protection for Nigerians amid worsening insecurity across the country.

“Our clerics need to change course. Use your pulpits to call on the government to protect the lives and the businesses of the Nigerian citizens,” he said.

He expressed concern over the spread of kidnapping, noting that innocent Nigerians were being abducted from places that should ordinarily provide safety.

“From mosques to markets, schools, and houses, innocent people have been kidnapped. Pressure the authorities to stop this madness. This is the leadership we need,” Ibrahim added.

Ibrahim’s comments come amid renewed public discussions about the role of Islamic scholars and religious institutions in Nigerian politics, particularly ahead of the 2027 general elections. However, in the Facebook post, he did not specifically mention the All Progressives Congress (APC), President Bola Ahmed Tinubu or any particular political party or candidate.

By Sabiu Abdullahi

The Nigeria Financial Intelligence Unit has uncovered new methods allegedly used by terrorist financiers to raise, transfer and conceal funds for operations in Nigeria.

The agency said its investigations found that terrorist networks were exploiting crowdfunding platforms, proxy bank accounts, mobile banking services and telephone numbers registered to people other than the actual account beneficiaries.

The findings were contained in the NFIU’s 2025 Annual Report, which highlighted emerging links between terrorism financing, financial technology and cross-border money transfers.

According to the report, foreign-based facilitators were using social media to solicit donations under the cover of humanitarian assistance or educational programmes before transferring the proceeds through several channels to terrorist operatives.

The NFIU said the facilitators often encouraged large numbers of sympathisers to make small payments, with individual donations ranging from $50 to $500. The amounts, it said, were deliberately kept below levels that could trigger automated anti-money laundering alerts.

“The following is a case study on Crowdfunding Network identified during the year: A foreign-based facilitator runs social-media campaigns claiming humanitarian relief or educational support and uses encrypted apps (Telegram, Signal) to share links to convincing PayPal pages or standard bank accounts.

“Hundreds of sympathiser donors contribute $50–$500 each, amounts small enough to avoid most automated AML alerts,” the report read.

The agency said the money was later consolidated in a master account controlled by a senior member of the network who resides legally outside Nigeria.

“When the pool reaches a threshold, that account becomes the hub for onward movement,” the report stated.

From the master account, the funds were divided into smaller transactions and sent through International Money Transfer Operators and remittance applications to individuals in Nigeria who served as money mules.

The NFIU listed students, small-business operators and relatives among those allegedly used for the transfers. It said the arrangement helped the financiers avoid reporting requirements and make it difficult to establish the source and destination of the funds.

“Rather than sending one large transfer, the senior member fractures the funds and sends dozens of sub-threshold payments through IMTOs and remittance apps to a network of money mules in Nigeria; students, small-business owners, or relatives, avoiding reporting triggers.

“Upon receipt, the money was either converted to cash, used to purchase dual-use items such as motorcycles, fertilisers and satellite internet equipment, or transferred through mobile banking channels to logistics managers and field operatives,” it added.

The report described the final movement of the money into terrorist activities as the “integration” stage.

The NFIU also raised concerns about what it described as gender-based proxy accounts. It said terrorist financiers were opening accounts in women’s names while male commanders or logistics officials controlled the accounts.

“Terrorist financiers are opening bank accounts in women’s names while male commanders and logistics managers secretly control them.

“They exploit cultural norms that make women less likely to be suspected by authorities, using wives, sisters, or female associates as fronts to distance illicit funds from the true operatives.

“This tactic functions as identity laundering: women’s accounts are managed by men who hold ATM cards, mobile-banking credentials, and PINs, while the women often remain unaware of the transactions and volumes,” the report stated.

The agency further said some terrorist facilitators used telephone numbers that were not registered to the actual account holders or beneficiaries for mobile banking and transaction alerts.

According to the report, pre-registered SIM cards, numbers linked to deceased persons and SIM cards associated with gender-based proxies were used to weaken the connection between bank accounts, SIM cards and Bank Verification Numbers.

“Terrorist facilitators use phone numbers for mobile banking or account alerts that are not registered to the account holder or the true beneficiary.

“They bypass the security link between SIM cards and BVNs by using pre-registered SIMs, SIMs registered to deceased people, or SIMs tied to gender-based proxies. This severs the audit trail: when a transaction is flagged, investigators trace the phone to an unrelated person, letting the real facilitator stay anonymous and continue operations,” it stated.

The NFIU also identified coded and detailed transaction descriptions as another method used to conceal terrorist financing.

It said some terrorist cells, particularly those associated with the Islamic State West Africa Province, used professional-looking descriptions for transactions as part of an internal financial management system.

“Terrorist cells, particularly those linked to ISWAP, routinely use precise, professional-sounding transaction narrations to maintain internal accounting. Operating like “shadow states” with strict bureaucratic controls, they require detailed descriptions so field commanders can justify expenses to central financial controllers. Although truthful narrations appear counterintuitive, they create an internal audit trail; analysts repeatedly observe high-frequency, logistics-related payments with accurate narrations sent from a single source to multiple recipients,” the report said.

However, the Unit said other facilitators relied on ordinary expressions, secret codes and combinations of letters and figures to conceal the purpose of transactions. Some also switched between languages to avoid automated banking filters.

“Transaction descriptions employ innocuous words, secret codes, or alphanumeric strings to conceal intent. Facilitators use this coded language, often switching languages to evade banks’ automated keyword filters that flag terms like ‘Jihad,’ ‘Arms,’ or ‘Boko.’

“This practice obscures the true purpose of transfers, preventing detection and enabling continued financing,” it said.

Beyond terrorism financing, the NFIU said its analysis showed an increasingly connected threat involving financial crimes, technology and international transactions.

The Unit identified fraud as a major underlying offence, with Ponzi schemes, fraudulent crowdfunding, cryptocurrency investment scams and hacking-related fraud among the growing threats.

It said criminals were also exploiting weaknesses in fintech account registration, including account categories with limited identification requirements, to recruit victims and move funds quickly.

The report also pointed to continued risks in public financial management, including the diversion of government funds through accounts belonging to finance officials and third parties.

It identified procurement and cash transactions as major areas of concern because large cash movements can make it difficult to establish audit trails and trace assets.

The NFIU said its findings had informed advisories, alerts and intelligence reports provided to relevant authorities, financial institutions and policymakers.

“Financial Fraud and Investment Scams: Fraud remains a dominant predicate offence, with notable growth in Ponzi schemes, fraudulent crowdfunding arrangements, cryptocurrency-enabled investment scams, and hacking-related fraud (including compromised social media and messaging accounts).

“Analytical reviews during the period examined these trends and informed internal advisories and alerts, some of which remained restricted for operational purposes.

“These schemes increasingly exploit fintech onboarding gaps, including tiered accounts with minimal identification requirements, and leverage digital platforms to rapidly scale victim recruitment and fund movement.

“Corruption and Misappropriation of Public Funds Analysis highlighted persistent vulnerabilities in public sector financial management, including the diversion of state and local government funds through accounts of finance officers and associated third parties.

“Procurement processes remain a significant risk area, while utilisation of cash transactions complicates audit trails and asset tracing efforts,” the report said.

A security expert, Chidi Omeje, urged Nigeria’s security and financial intelligence agencies to strengthen their methods as criminal networks develop more sophisticated ways of evading existing controls.

Omeje said criminal groups were constantly seeking weaknesses within the country’s security and financial systems.

He called on the Nigeria Police Force, Department of State Services and financial regulatory bodies to improve monitoring of financial transactions and intensify efforts to trace illicit funds.

“Every single day, these guys grow in sophistication and desperation, and we must also devise means to bring them to their knees.

“The state must ultimately deal with them. They must follow the money trail to monitor these movements and effectively tackle the situation,” he said.

Omeje said intelligence-led investigations and financial tracking were essential to preventing criminal groups from gaining an advantage over the state.

Another security analyst, Lawrence Alobi, called for stronger cooperation between security agencies and financial institutions.

Alobi said better intelligence gathering would help authorities identify fraudulent accounts and other methods used by criminal networks to avoid detection.

“It behoves us now, the security agencies, to intensify their intelligence sharing and information gathering, because it is through information that we can get some of these things.

“Security agencies need to work with the banks and also warn them. Any bank found to have connived or aided this act should be sanctioned,” he said.

He also urged banks to strengthen their identity verification systems and ensure that account holders were genuine beneficiaries rather than proxies.

“The banks themselves must sit up and ensure they properly verify every individual’s identity so that there is a real, verifiable person behind every account, not just someone acting by proxy. Intelligence agencies must go the extra mile to hold banks accountable for any loopholes exploited within their system,” he added.

By Sabiu Abdullahi

Abdul’Aziz Yari, Director-General of the All Progressives Congress presidential campaign council, has expressed confidence that President Bola Tinubu will secure another term in office at the 2027 presidential election.

Yari, a former Zamfara State governor and serving senator, spoke at the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport in Abuja, where he also predicted that the APC would remain in control of the presidency beyond 2031.

His remarks followed the unveiling of the APC presidential campaign council by the Presidency, with Tinubu named as chairman.

Vice-President Kashim Shettima and APC National Chairman Nentawe Yilwatda are among the principal members of the council. Imo State Governor Hope Uzodimma was named secretary, while Yari was appointed Director-General.

The composition of the council has generated criticism, especially over the inclusion of serving government officials and individuals whose alleged financial misconduct cases remain unresolved.

Betta Edu, a former Minister of Humanitarian Affairs, and Ngozi Olejeme, former chairperson of the Nigeria Social Insurance Trust Fund, are among those whose membership has attracted scrutiny.

Despite the criticism, Yari said he was certain that the campaign council would deliver victory for Tinubu in 2027.

“Today, we have seen him as president today, and by God’s grace, he shall be the president come 2027,” he said.

Yari also promised that the ruling party would honour the commitments it made to Nigerians during the 2023 election campaign.

“I want to assure Nigerians that whatever promise we made during the campaign, we shall keep to our promises. Our party is synonymous with keeping to our words,” he said.

The former governor appealed for divine wisdom for Tinubu and said the campaign council would work towards the fulfilment of the administration’s promises.

“We pray that Almighty Allah will give him the wisdom to lead this country. We assure Nigerians that we shall fulfill all our campaign promises,” Yari said.

He further predicted that the APC would remain the ruling party after Tinubu completes a possible second term.

“We pray that our party will continue to be the party to lead the country after President Tinubu’s second term,” he added.

By Sabiu Abdullahi

A video purportedly showing a large number of people held captive by suspected bandits in a forest has surfaced online, days after a mass abduction in Niger State.

The footage, which has circulated on Facebook and WhatsApp, shows several captives surrounded by armed men in what appears to be a forested location.

The development comes two days after gunmen reportedly abducted at least 600 worshippers during Friday prayers at a mosque in Dekera village, Niger State.

Residents said the attackers carried out simultaneous raids across several communities in the area and took away a large number of people.

Children could be seen crying in the video, while an armed man who spoke in Hausa appeared to address relatives of the captives and asked them to identify their family members.

“These are all your people,” the gunman said.

The video has since generated concern over the safety of the abducted worshippers and other residents in the affected communities.

The incident has also heightened security concerns in Niger State as Nigeria approaches the 2027 general elections.

The authenticity of the video and the identities of all the people shown in it could not be independently verified from the report.

By Sabiu Abdullahi

The National Publicity Secretary of the All Progressives Congress (APC), Felix Morka, has said President Bola Tinubu has performed better than every democratically elected president in Nigeria.

Morka made the claim during an interview with Channels Television on Monday, where he also said Tinubu inherited an economy that was “completely in a mess”.

Asked to identify the indicators that informed his assessment of Tinubu’s performance, the APC spokesperson said the available economic indicators were enough to support the claim.

“President Bola Ahmed Tinubu has outperformed any president in his first term. He has outperformed any democratically elected president in this country in their terms,” he said.

“The indicators are res ipsa loquitur as we say in law; they speak for themselves. This president inherited an economy that was completely in a mess.”

Morka attributed the country’s economic difficulties to what he described as the failures of successive administrations.

He said former President Muhammadu Buhari’s administration came after 16 years of what he described as poor governance under the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).

“Buhari was a stopgap president that really came to keep the country from tipping over the precipice — from 16 years of horrific maladministration of the PDP government,” he added.

“President Buhari served his term, did his job to hold the country still for President Tinubu to enter.”

The APC spokesman also claimed that Tinubu’s administration had introduced changes that had led some of its previous critics to acknowledge its progress.

According to him, Nigeria has “come out of the woods” at the macroeconomic level as a result of policies introduced by the Tinubu administration.

However, Morka did not provide specific details or comparative figures to demonstrate how Tinubu had outperformed previous democratically elected presidents.

The APC controlled the federal government under Buhari from 2015 to 2023 before Tinubu succeeded him as president in 2023 under the same political party.

By Sabiu Abdullahi

Bandits have reportedly killed the District Head of Galla in Niger State’s Borgu Emirate after attacking his palace.

The incident was disclosed by security analyst Bakatsine in a post on X on Monday.

According to the analyst, the traditional ruler was allegedly targeted after he warned bandits against entering his community.

“Bandits have killed the District Head of Galla, under the Borgu Emirate in Niger State, during an attack at his palace.

“Reports say the monarch was targeted after warning the bandits to stop entering his community,” Bakatsine wrote.

He also said the slain district head was a brother to the Minister of State for Agriculture and Food Security, Senator Aliyu Sabi Abdullahi.

The report comes amid continued security concerns in parts of Niger State, where communities have faced attacks and other criminal activities by armed groups.

No further details were provided on the circumstances of the attack or whether security agencies had made any arrests in connection with the incident.

By Abdullahi Mukhtar Algasgaini

The Federal Government has initiated steps to resume exploration activities at the long-stalled Kolmani Oil Field in Bauchi State, following an assessment visit by the Revenue Mobilisation Allocation and Fiscal Commission (RMAFC) to evaluate the project’s current status.

The RMAFC Chairman, Muhammad Bello, disclosed this on Monday during a verification exercise at the oil field, stating that the commission’s primary objective is to determine the necessary steps for the project’s remobilisation.

“This verification is crucial to assess the state of the project and advocate for its continuation,” Bello said. He noted that the commission is committed to ensuring that the oil field, which holds significant potential for boosting Nigeria’s revenue base, does not remain inactive.

The Kolmani Oil Field, discovered in 2019, was heralded as a major breakthrough for the region, with the potential to transform the economic landscape of the North-East. However, exploration activities stalled due to a combination of technical challenges and funding constraints.

The RMAFC’s intervention is seen as a critical move to re-energize the project, as the commission plays a key role in monitoring revenue-generating ventures. Officials on the verification team are expected to submit a comprehensive report that will guide the federal government’s strategy for restarting full-scale operations. The government has reiterated its commitment to diversifying the nation’s oil assets and unlocking the hydrocarbon potential in the inland basins.

By Lawan Bukar Maigana

There are people who go on leave to escape books, and there are people who go on leave only to escape the office. Then there is Kashim Shettima, for whom a leave without books may be like a library without shelves: technically possible, but fundamentally incomplete.

The two-week leave has awakened the bookism in him. After years of governance, meetings, memos, policy conversations and the endless grammar of public administration, one would imagine that a man might simply surrender himself to sleep, travel with his family to some Shangri-La den in Dubai, or disappear into the soft luxury of doing absolutely nothing. But Shettima has never appeared to be a man who considers idleness a convincing definition of rest. For him, perhaps, rest is simply another opportunity to read.

This is not a new discovery. I wrote in 2022 about Shettima as Nigeria’s Modern Day Philosopher-King, drawing from Plato’s idea that leadership and philosophy ought to meet in the same person. Looking back now, I realise that perhaps I was only describing one half of the equation. The philosopher needs a kingdom, yes, but the philosopher also needs books. And Shettima seems to understand that the quickest way to empty a philosopher is to deprive him of reading.

His relationship with books is almost personal. He does not merely read them; he appears to court them. There have been accounts of him browsing bookstores while travelling, moving from one section to another and recommending books to people around him. He has also been described as someone who would choose books over material prizes.

I once had a conversation about this unusual book obsession with Rukaiya el-Rufai, the National Coordinator of Nigeria’s Human Capital Development Programme. She told me something that stayed with me: when it comes to gifts, what impresses her boss the most is a good book. Her advice was simple: when you travel, buy him high-value books. According to her, such a gift can make him happier than a designer perfume.

That, in itself, is a fascinating portrait of a man. While some people measure affection by the price tag on a gift, the intellectual measures it by the depth of thought behind it. A perfume evaporates. A book lingers. A designer bottle may occupy a shelf, but a good book can occupy the mind. This may explain why Shettima’s leave does not seem to be a vacation from intellectual activity. It is more like an intellectual retreat. The office may have been left behind, but the books followed him. The files may have been closed, but the pages remained open.

And when he finally returns to work, we should perhaps prepare ourselves. The post-leave effect in governance may not simply be a refreshed Vice President. It may be a more heavily footnoted one. Every conversation may come with a reference. Every decision may acquire a historical context. Every policy discussion may suddenly develop a philosophical foundation. A simple question could receive an answer, a counterargument, a historical example and, if one is not careful, a brief literature review.

That is the bookism. But beneath the humour lies something serious. Leaders do not govern only with budgets, files and official briefings. They govern with ideas. And ideas, when properly cultivated, are often born from the discipline of reading.

Shettima’s book habit therefore tells us something beyond the man himself. It reminds us that governance should not be an intellectual desert. Public office should not terminate curiosity. Power should not become an excuse to stop learning. A leader who reads is constantly exposed to worlds beyond his immediate environment. He encounters ideas that challenge him, histories that humble him, failures that warn him and possibilities that expand his imagination.

Perhaps that is why, for Shettima, a two-week leave can still become a classroom. He may have left the office, but he never really left learning. And when he returns, the books will return with him, quietly packed into the vocabulary and ideas that will eventually find their way back into governance.

So, Nigerians, prepare yourselves. The Vice President is coming back from leave. And judging by his relationship with books, he cannot leave without reading. Therefore, he is returning not only refreshed but also armed with refined administrative and policy ideas that can help make Nigeria better.

Lawan Bukar Maigana is a media and communications specialist, development advocate, storyteller, and social change driver from Borno State, Nigeria. He can be reached via email at lawanbukarmaigana@gmail.com.