How Nigerian scholar in France develops biological concept to help cereals access atmospheric nitrogen

By Uzair Adam

A Nigerian researcher working in France has developed a new biological concept that could help cereal crops obtain nitrogen from the atmosphere without genetic modification, potentially reducing reliance on costly synthetic fertilizers.

Dr. Mubarak Mahmud, a researcher at French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE) and affiliated with Université Bourgogne Europe under its Agroecology research unit, disclosed this in an interview on Thursday.

Mahmud said the study focuses on improving nitrogen nutrition in cereal crops such as maize, wheat and rice by strengthening naturally occurring interactions between plants and soil organisms.

The Daily Reality reports that Nitrogen is widely considered the most limiting nutrient in cereal production globally. Although nitrogen gas constitutes nearly 78 percent of the earth’s atmosphere, major cereal crops cannot directly use it in its gaseous form.

As a result, farmers depend heavily on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers to maintain crop yields. However, the fertilizers are expensive and are associated with environmental challenges including greenhouse gas emissions, soil degradation and water pollution.

Mahmud explained that while leguminous crops such as beans can access atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules that host nitrogen-fixing bacteria, cereals lack this biological mechanism.

According to him, the research explores whether cereal crops can indirectly benefit from atmospheric nitrogen by strengthening existing soil symbiotic relationships.

The study centres on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, microscopic soil organisms that colonize plant roots and form underground networks capable of transporting nutrients to plants.

These fungi are already known to assist plants in absorbing nutrients such as phosphorus in exchange for sugars produced by the plant.

Mahmud said the research hypothesizes that nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil could be linked to these fungal networks, allowing biologically fixed nitrogen to move through the fungal pathway into the plant.

“In practical terms, nitrogen-fixing microbes convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable compounds, while the fungal network serves as a biological bridge between the soil and plant roots,” he explained.

“This allows the plant to receive nitrogen through the fungus’s existing nutrient exchange pathway.”

He emphasized that the approach does not involve genetic modification but instead builds on natural biological partnerships already present in agricultural soils.

Unlike conventional microbial biofertilizers that rely on bacteria operating freely in the soil, Mahmud said the concept aims to improve how biologically fixed nitrogen is directed toward the plant through the already efficient plant–fungus nutrient delivery system.

The research is still in its early stages and is currently being tested under controlled experimental conditions. Scientists involved in the study are examining how nitrogen moves within the system and how plants respond when synthetic fertilizer inputs are reduced.

Mahmud said if validated through greenhouse and field trials, the concept could improve nitrogen-use efficiency in cereal production, reduce dependence on synthetic fertilizers and lower production costs for farmers.

“This approach builds on biological partnerships that already exist in nature. The goal is to enhance how crops access nitrogen in a more efficient and sustainable way,” he stated.

He added that the research team is seeking collaboration with research institutions, soil microbiologists, agronomists and biotechnology partners interested in advancing sustainable nitrogen solutions for cereal farming systems.