By Mujahid Nasir Hussain
Diabetes Week is an annual event dedicated to raising awareness about diabetes and encouraging prevention and management strategies to support those living with the condition globally. As the world comes together for Diabetes Week 2024, observed from June 10th to 16th, communities, healthcare professionals, and organizations united in a series of events and campaigns to foster a deeper awareness and a proactive approach towards combating the condition.
According to the 2024 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) report, diabetes is a significant and growing global health issue affecting diverse regions and populations. Approximately 537 million adults (20-79 years) worldwide are living with diabetes, with this number expected to rise to 643 million by 2030 and 783 million by 2045. One of the major concerns regarding this increase is that Nigeria is among the countries facing such a significant rise, with current estimates showing millions affected and a substantial proportion of cases undiagnosed. Thus, there is a need for improved diabetes education, prevention programs, and accessible treatment options to combat this growing health crisis.
Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels. This occurs when the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Persistent high blood glucose can damage various organs and systems, leading to significant health complications. Although there are many forms of diabetes, according to numerous literature reports, there are generally three. Viz: Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes and Gestational diabetes.
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This destruction leads to little or no insulin production, crucial for regulating blood sugar levels. Individuals with Type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin therapy, either through injections or an insulin pump, to manage their blood glucose levels. This type of diabetes often manifests in childhood or adolescence but can occur at any age. Symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, extreme fatigue, and blurred vision.
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for about 90-95% of all diabetes cases. It occurs when the body becomes insulin resistant, or the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin. This condition is often associated with lifestyle factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, and poor diet. Risk factors also include age, family history, and certain ethnic backgrounds. Symptoms are similar to Type 1 diabetes but may develop more slowly, making early detection and management crucial. Lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes insulin therapy are used to manage Type 2 diabetes.
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy when the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet the extra needs of pregnancy. This condition typically resolves after childbirth but increases the mother’s risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Gestational diabetes can lead to complications such as high birth weight, preterm birth, and increased risk of cesarean delivery. Managing gestational diabetes involves a healthy diet, regular physical activity, and monitoring blood sugar levels. In some cases, insulin therapy may be needed.
Diabetes Complications
Unmanaged diabetes can lead to severe and potentially life-threatening complications, emphasizing the importance of effective management. These complications include:
Cardiovascular Disease: People with diabetes have a higher risk of developing heart disease and stroke due to damaged blood vessels and nerves.
Neuropathy: High blood sugar levels can damage nerves, especially in the legs and feet, leading to pain, tingling, and even loss of sensation. Severe cases can result in foot ulcers and amputations.
Nephropathy: Diabetes is a leading cause of kidney disease, which can progress to kidney failure, requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Retinopathy: High blood sugar can damage the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision problems and even blindness.
Skin Conditions: Diabetes can make individuals more prone to bacterial and fungal infections and other skin disorders.
Treatment Strategies for Diabetes
Effective diabetes management requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, medication, regular monitoring, and education & support.
Lifestyle Modifications: Adopting a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins while reducing intake of processed foods and sugary beverages. Regular physical activity, such as walking, cycling, or swimming, is essential to help maintain a healthy weight and improve insulin sensitivity.
Medication: Treatment depends on the type of diabetes. For Type 1 diabetes, insulin therapy is essential. For Type 2 diabetes, oral medications like metformin or other hypoglycemics may be prescribed, and in some cases, insulin may be required.
Monitoring: Regular blood glucose monitoring ensures levels remain within the target range. Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) provide real-time data, allowing for better management and adjustment of treatment plans.
Education and Support: Diabetes education programs help individuals understand their condition, make informed decisions about their care, and provide emotional support. Support groups offer a platform to share experiences and coping strategies.
Mujahid Nasir Hussain is an undergraduate prize awardee for Physiology 2023, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. He wrote via mujahidhnasir@gmail.com.